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4523
Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate)
Antibody Conjugates
Monoclonal Antibody
R
Recombinant

Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4523

Citations (16)
Filter:
  1. IHC
  2. IF
  3. F
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human prostate adenocarcinoma using Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) (green) and DAPI #4083 (blue).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of methanol fixed frozen mouse skin labeled with Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4523 (green) and co-labeled with Keratin 17/19 (D4G2) XP® Rabbit mAb #12434 (red) and DAPI #4038 (blue).
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of MCF-7 cells using Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) (green). Blue pseudocolor = DRAQ5® #4084 (fluorescent DNA dye).
Flow cytometric analysis of Jurkat (blue) and MCF7 (green) cells using Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) (solid line) compared to concentration-matched Mouse (MOPC-21) mAb IgG1 Isotype Control (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) #4878 (dashed line).
To Purchase # 4523
Cat. # Size Qty. Price Inventory
4523S
100 µl  (50 tests)

Supporting Data

REACTIVITY H M R Mk
SENSITIVITY Endogenous
MW (kDa)
Source/Isotype Mouse IgG1

Application Key:

  • WB-Western Blot
  • IP-Immunoprecipitation
  • IHC-Immunohistochemistry
  • ChIP-Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
  • C&R-CUT&RUN
  • C&T-CUT&Tag
  • DB-Dot Blot
  • eCLIP-eCLIP
  • IF-Immunofluorescence
  • F-Flow Cytometry

Species Cross-Reactivity Key:

  • H-Human
  • M-Mouse
  • R-Rat
  • Hm-Hamster
  • Mk-Monkey
  • Vir-Virus
  • Mi-Mink
  • C-Chicken
  • Dm-D. melanogaster
  • X-Xenopus
  • Z-Zebrafish
  • B-Bovine
  • Dg-Dog
  • Pg-Pig
  • Sc-S. cerevisiae
  • Ce-C. elegans
  • Hr-Horse
  • GP-Guinea Pig
  • Rab-Rabbit
  • All-All Species Expected

Product Description

This Cell Signaling Technology® antibody is conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 fluorescent dye under optimal conditions. This antibody conjugate is expected to exhibit the same species cross-reactivity as the unconjugated Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb #4545.

Product Usage Information

Application Dilution
Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin) 1:100
Immunofluorescence (Frozen) 1:50
Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) 1:50 - 1:200
Flow Cytometry (Fixed/Permeabilized) 1:50

Storage

Supplied in PBS (pH 7.2), less than 0.1% sodium azide and 2 mg/ml BSA. Store at 4°C. Do not aliquot the antibody. Protect from light. Do not freeze.

Protocol

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Immunohistochemistry (Paraffin)

A. Solutions and Reagents

NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.

  1. Xylene.
  2. Ethanol, anhydrous denatured, histological grade (100% and 95%).
  3. Deionized water (dH2O).
  4. Wash Buffer:
    1. 1X Tris Buffered Saline with Tween® 20 (TBST): To prepare 1 L 1X TBST, add 100 ml 10X Tris Buffered Saline with Tween® 20 (TBST)(#9997) to 900 ml dH20, mix.
    2. 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): To prepare 1L 1X PBS, add 100 mL 10X Wash Buffer, Phosphate Buffered Saline(#12528) to 900 ml dH20, mix.
  5. SignalStain® Antibody Diluent: (#8112)
  6. 1X EDTA Unmasking Solution: To prepare 250 mL of 1X EDTA unmasking solution, dilute 25 ml of SignalStain® EDTA Unmasking Solution (10X) (#14747) with 225 ml of dH2O.
  7. 3% Hydrogen Peroxide: To prepare, add 10 ml 30% H2O2 to 90 ml dH2O.
  8. Blocking Solution: 1X TBST/5% Normal Goat Serum or 1X Animal-Free Blocking Solution.
    1. TBST/5% Normal Goat Serum: to 5 ml 1X TBST, add 250 µl Normal Goat Serum (#5425).
    2. 1X Animal-Free Blocking Solution: to 4 mL of dH2O, add 1 ml of Animal-Free Blocking Solution (5X) (#15019).
  9. Prolong® Gold AntiFade Reagent(#9071), Prolong® Gold AntiFade Reagent with DAPI(#8961).
  10. (optional) TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher (#92401).

B. Deparaffinization/Rehydration

NOTE: Do not allow slides to dry at any time during this procedure.

  1. Deparaffinize/hydrate sections:
    1. Incubate sections in three washes of xylene for 5 minutes each.
    2. Incubate sections in two washes of 100% ethanol for 10 minutes each.
    3. Incubate sections in two washes of 95% ethanol for 10 minutes each.
  2. Wash sections twice in dH2O for 5 minutes each.

C. Antigen Unmasking

  1. Heat slides submersed in 1X EDTA unmasking solution in a microwave until boiling is initiated; follow with 15 min at sub-boiling temperature (95°-98°). No cooling is necessary.
  2. D. Staining

    1. Wash sections in dH2O three times for 5 minutes each.
    2. Incubate sections in 1X TBST for 5 min.
    3. Block each section with 100-400 µl of preferred blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature.
    4. Remove blocking solution and add 100-400 µl primary antibody diluted in SignalStain® Antibody Diluent to each section.
    5. Incubate overnight at 4°C.
    6. Rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 min each protected from light.
      NOTE: See below for optional TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher protocol.
    7. Coverslip slides with Prolong® Gold Antifade Reagent or Prolong® Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI.
    8. For best results, allow mountant to cure overnight at room temperature. For long-term storage, store slides flat at 4°C protected from light.

    TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher protocol

    Following Section D Step 6:

    IMPORTANT: TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher is not compatible with detergent. Any steps involving detergent must be done before applying TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher.

    1. Prepare TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher solution by diluting 1:20 in 70% ethanol. Vortex to mix.
      NOTE: Quenching solution should be made fresh prior to use and discarded if precipitate is visible. We recommend heating the vial of stock solution of TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher, 20X in DMF to 70°C prior to dilution in order to avoid precipitate formation.
    2. Immediately cover tissue sections with 100 µL - 200 µL of quenching solution for 30 seconds at room temperature.
      IMPORTANT: Do not allow sections to dry out. Sections may tolerate longer incubations (up to 3 minutes) so long as they remain hydrated.
    3. Tap slides on an absorbent towel to collect excess TrueBlack® Lipofuscin Autofluorescence Quencher before transferring to 1X PBS.
    4. Rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 min each.
    5. Proceed with counterstaining/mounting.

Protocol Id: 2924

Immunofluorescence Protocol with Methanol Fixation (Conjugate)

A. Solutions and Reagents

Achieve higher quality immunofluorescent images using the efficient and cost-effective, pre-made reagents in our Immunofluorescence Application Solutions Kit (#12727).

NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.

  1. 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): To prepare 1L 1X PBS, add 100 mL 10X Wash Buffer, Phosphate Buffered Saline (#12528) to 900 mL dH2O, mix. Adjust pH to 8.0.
  2. Methanol (#13604): 100%, Use ice-cold.
  3. Blocking Buffer: Purchase ready-to-use Immunofluorescence Blocking Buffer (#12411), or prepare a 1X PBS / 5% normal serum / 0.3% Triton X-100 buffer by adding 0.5 mL normal serum from the same species as the secondary antibody (e.g., Normal Goat Serum (#5425)) and 30 µL Triton X-100 to 9.5 mL 1X PBS. Store at 4°C.
  4. Antibody Dilution Buffer: Purchase ready-to-use Immunofluorescence Antibody Dilution Buffer (#12378), or prepare a 1X PBS / 1% BSA / 0.3% Triton X-100 buffer by adding 0.1 g BSA (#9998) and 30 µL Triton X-100 to 10 mL 1X PBS. Store at 4°C.

B. Fixation

NOTE: This antibody requires tissue sections to be fixed with ice-cold 100% methanol. Avoid drying during this step.

  1. For unfixed frozen tissue sections (IF-F), fix immediately, as follows:
    1. Cover sections to a depth of 2-3 mm with ice-cold 100% methanol.
    2. Allow sections to fix for 15 min on ice or at -20°C.
    3. Rinse three times in PBS for 5 min each.

C. Immunostaining

  1. Block specimen in Blocking Buffer for 60 min.
  2. While blocking, prepare primary antibody in Antibody Dilution Buffer (see product website for recommended dilution range).
  3. Aspirate blocking solution then apply diluted primary antibody.
  4. Incubate overnight at 4°C.
  5. Rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 min each protected from light.
  6. Counterstain as appropriate.

    NOTE: When including fluorescent cellular dyes in your experiment (DNA dyes, etc.), please refer to the dye product page for its recommended protocol. View our listing of cellular dyes validated for use in immunofluorescence.

  7. Mount samples for imaging.
  8. For long-term storage, store samples at 4°C protected from light.

Protocol Id: 2764

Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry)

A. Solutions and Reagents

NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalently purified water.

  1. 20X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): (9808) To prepare 1L 1X PBS: add 50 ml 20X PBS to 950 ml dH2O, mix. Adjust pH to 8.0.
  2. Methanol, 100%
  3. Blocking Buffer (1X PBS / 5% normal goat serum (#5425) / 0.3% Triton™ X-100): To prepare 10 ml: add 0.5 ml normal goat serum and 0.5 ml 20X PBS to 9.0 ml dH2O, mix. While stirring, add 30 µl Triton™ X-100.
  4. Antibody Dilution Buffer (1X PBS / 1% BSA / 0.3% Triton X-100): To prepare 10 ml, add 30 µl Triton™ X-100 to 10 ml 1X PBS. Mix well then add 0.1 g BSA (9998), mix.
  5. Prolong® Gold AntiFade Reagent (#9071), Prolong® Gold AntiFade Reagent with DAPI (#8961).

B. Specimen Preparation - Cultured Cell Lines (IF-IC)

NOTE: Cells should be grown, treated, fixed and stained directly in multi-well plates, chamber slides or on coverslips.

  1. Aspirate liquid, then cover cells to a depth of 2–3 mm with ice-cold 100% methanol.
  2. Allow cells to fix for 15 minutes at -20°C.
  3. Aspirate fixative, rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 minutes each.
  4. Proceed with Immunostaining (Section C).

C. Immunostaining

NOTE: All subsequent incubations should be carried out at room temperature unless otherwise noted in a humid light-tight box or covered dish/plate to prevent drying and fluorochrome fading.

  1. Block specimen in Blocking Buffer for 60 minutes.
  2. While blocking, prepare primary antibody by diluting as indicated on product webpage in Antibody Dilution Buffer.
  3. Aspirate blocking solution, apply diluted primary antibody.
  4. Incubate overnight at 4°C.
  5. Rinse three times in 1X PBS for 5 minutes each.
  6. Coverslip slides with Prolong® Gold Antifade Reagent (#9071), Prolong® Gold AntiFade Reagent with DAPI (#8961).
  7. For best results, examine specimens immediately using appropriate excitation wavelength. For long-term storage, store slides flat at 4°C protected from light.

posted December 2010

Protocol Id: 221

Flow Cytometry, Methanol Permeabilization Protocol for Directly Conjugated Antibodies

A. Solutions and Reagents

All reagents required for this protocol may be efficiently purchased together in our Intracellular Flow Cytometry Kit (Methanol) #13593, or individually using the catalog numbers listed below.

NOTE: Prepare solutions with reverse osmosis deionized (RODI) or equivalent grade water.

  1. 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): To prepare 1 L 1X PBS: add 100 ml 10X PBS (#12528) to 900 ml water mix.
  2. 4% Formaldehyde, Methanol-Free (#47746)
  3. 100% Methanol (#13604): Chill before use
  4. Antibody Dilution Buffer: Purchase ready-to-use Flow Cytometry Antibody Dilution Buffer (#13616), or prepare a 0.5% BSA PBS buffer by dissolving 0.5 g Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) (#9998) in 100 ml 1X PBS. Store at 4°C.

NOTE: When including fluorescent cellular dyes in your experiment (including viability dyes, DNA dyes, etc.), please refer to the dye product page for the recommended protocol. Visit www.cellsignal.com for a full listing of cellular dyes validated for use in flow cytometry.

B. Fixation

NOTE: Adherent cells or tissue should be dissociated and in single-cell suspension prior to fixation.

NOTE: Optimal centrifugation conditions will vary depending upon cell type and reagent volume. Generally, 150-300g for 1-5 minutes will be sufficient to pellet the cells.

NOTE: If using whole blood, lyse red blood cells and wash by centrifugation prior to fixation.

NOTE: Antibodies targeting CD markers or other extracellular proteins may be added prior to fixation if the epitope is disrupted by formaldehyde and/or methanol. The antibodies will remain bound to the target of interest during the fixation and permeabilization process. However, note that some fluorophores (including PE and APC) are damaged by methanol and thus should not be added prior to permeabilization. Conduct a small-scale experiment if you are unsure.

  1. Pellet cells by centrifugation and remove supernatant.
  2. Resuspend cells in approximately 100 µl 4% formaldehyde per 1 million cells. Mix well to dissociate pellet and prevent cross-linking of individual cells.
  3. Fix for 15 min at room temperature (20-25°C).
  4. Wash by centrifugation with excess 1X PBS. Discard supernatant in appropriate waste container. Resuspend cells in 0.5-1 ml 1X PBS. Proceed to Permeabilization step.
    1. Alternatively, cells may be stored overnight at 4°C in 1X PBS.

C. Permeabilization

  1. Permeabilize cells by adding ice-cold 100% methanol slowly to pre-chilled cells, while gently vortexing, to a final concentration of 90% methanol.
  2. Permeabilize for a minimum of 10 min on ice.
  3. Proceed with immunostaining (Section D) or store cells at -20°C in 90% methanol.

D. Immunostaining

NOTE: Count cells using a hemocytometer or alternative method.

  1. Aliquot desired number of cells into tubes or wells. (Generally, 5x105 to 1x106 cells per assay.)
  2. Wash cells by centrifugation in excess 1X PBS to remove methanol. Discard supernatant in appropriate waste container. Repeat if necessary.
  3. Resuspend cells in 100 µl of diluted primary antibody, prepared in Antibody Dilution Buffer at a recommended dilution or as determined via titration.
  4. Incubate for 1 hr at room temperature. Protect from light.
  5. Wash by centrifugation in Antibody Dilution Buffer or 1X PBS. Discard supernatant. Repeat.
  6. Resuspend cells in 200-500 µl of 1X PBS and analyze on flow cytometer.

posted July 2009

revised June 2020

Protocol Id: 407

Specificity / Sensitivity

Pan-Keratin (C11) Mouse mAb (Alexa Fluor® 488 Conjugate) detects endogenous levels of total keratins 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 18. The antibody does not cross-react with other keratins.

Species Reactivity:

Human, Mouse, Rat, Monkey

Source / Purification

Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a cytoskeleton preparation from A-431 cells. The antibody was conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 under optimal conditions with an F/P ratio of 2-6.

Background

Keratins (cytokeratins) are intermediate filament proteins that are mainly expressed in epithelial cells. Keratin heterodimers composed of an acidic keratin (or type I keratin, keratins K9-K28) and a basic keratin (or type II keratin, keratins K1-K8 and K71-K80) assemble to form filaments. Keratin isoforms demonstrate tissue- and differentiation-specific profiles that make them useful as research and clinical biomarkers (1,2).

Dysregulation/mutations in keratin genes can lead to a variety of disorders affecting the skin, hair, nails, and other epithelial tissues (3). While expression of keratins can be variable, immunohistochemical staining of keratins is widely used to help in the identification and classification of epithelial tumors, and may also provide prognostic information.

Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are expressed in simple epithelia of normal tissue, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, lung, ovary, and gastrointestinal tract. Keratin 17 is expressed in basal keratinocytes of stratified epithelia, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. Onset of keratin 17 expression coincides with the definition of major epithelial lineages during skin development (4). Keratin 14 (K14) is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, and in basal-like subtypes of breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas. Keratin 19 (K19) is expressed in glandular epithelia, including the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the breast, thyroid, and bile duct. Keratin 20 (K20) is expressed in gastrointestinal epithelium, urothelium, and Merkel cells in the skin, as well as in colorectal carcinomas and some urothelial carcinomas. Keratin 5/6 (K5/6) is expressed in basal cells of stratified epithelia, including the skin, prostate, and breast, as well as in basal-like breast cancers, squamous cell carcinomas, and some lung carcinomas. Keratin 7 (K7) is expressed in glandular epithelia, such as those in the lung, breast, and female reproductive tract, as well as in adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovary (5,6).

Keratins, particularly K8, K18, and K19, serve as biomarkers for identification of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) (5).

Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, and transamidation, have been shown to affect the functions of keratins in normal and disease states (6). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these PTMs may provide insights into cancer pathogenesis.

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